英文佛学词典 - huzhengzhong2050的日志

AKUSHALA

Akushala == 恶业

Sanskrit word. It means bad Karma.

ALAYA

Alaya == 阿赖耶

An abbreviation of Alaya-vijanana. Alaya is a sort of eternal substance or matter, creative and containing all forms; when considered as a whole, it is non-existent, or contains nothing; when considered phenomenal, it fills the universe. It seems to be of the nature of materialism. It is the store or totality of consciousness both absolute and relative. It is described as the fundamental mind-consciousness of conscious beings, which lays hold of all the experience of the individual life, and which stores and holds the germs of all affairs. It is the last of Eighth Consciousness from which them Wisdom of Great Round Mirror is derived.

ALMSGIVING

Almsgiving == 布施

see charity.

AMITABHA

Amitabha == 阿弥陀佛

Sanskrit word, literally means boundless light and boundless life. He is the Buddha in the Land of Ultimate Bliss (Pure Land), in which all beings enjoy unbounded happiness. Amitabha has forty-eight great vows to establish and adorn his Pure Land. People also recite or call upon his name by the time of dying will be born in the Land of Ultimate Bliss with the reception by Amitabha. Amitabha is one of the most popular and well-known Buddha in China.

AMITABHA SUTRA

Amitabha Sutra == 阿弥陀经

One of the main sutra in Pure Land Sect. It is said to be the only sutra that Shakyamuni preached without being asked. For the sake of facilitating the living beings to practice and cultivate the Buddha way. Shakyamuni revealed and taught us of he simplest ways for liberation and enlightenment -- reciting Amitabha Buddha's name. By reciting the name, one can opt to be born in the Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss. It is one of the most popular sutra recited by the Buddhists in China.

ANAGAMIN

Anagamin == 阿那含

see Four Fruition.

ANNUTARA-SAMYAK-SAMBODHI

Annutara-samyak-sambodhi == 阿耨多罗三藐三菩提

Sanskrit word meaning unexcelled complete enlightenment, which is an attribute of every Buddha. It is the highest, correct and complete or universal knowledge or awareness, the perfect wisdom of a Buddha.

ARANA

Arana == 阿兰那

It means a place of stillness, which is to practice pure conduct and to cultivate without the attachment of self and the Four Marks.

ARHAN

Arhan == 阿罗汉

see Arhat and Four Fruition.

There are two kinds of arhats, namely, the Sound-hearing arhat (Sravaka) and the Enlightened-to-condition arhat (Praetyka-Buddha). The former attains the wisdom to understand the Four Noble Truth, while the latter attains the wisdom to understand the Law of Dependent Origination or the Twelve Links of Dependent Origination. They represent two vehicles, who "comprehend for their own sake". As they pay attention to themselves and not to others, they are incapable of genuine and equal enlightenment.

There are four noble stages of fruition in the Arhat Path.

ASURA

Asura == 阿修罗

It is a peculiar path in the Six Paths. In terms of material enjoyment and psychic power, it is similar to Deva. However, in some aspects, it is even worse than Human Path. The male Asura is extremely ugly and furious, and always fight with each other. The female Asura is as beautiful as an angel. They are proud of themselves, thus reluctant to learn and practice Buddhism.

AVALOKITESVARA

Avalokitesvara == 观世音菩萨

Sanskrit word for the Bodhisattva who Hears the Sounds of the World. He rescues all beings by hearing their voices of suffering and cries for help. In Chinese, he is called Guan Shr Yin or Guan Yin Bodhisattva. As one of the Four Great Bodhisattva, he is the one with the greatest compassion and mercy.

Guan Yin is one of the triad of Amitabha Buddha, represented on his left, and being the future Buddha in the Land of Ultimate Bliss (Pure Land) after Amitabha Buddha.

Guan Yin can transform into many different forms in order to cross over to the beings. Guan Yin is one of the most popular Bodhisattva in China.

AVATAMSAKA SUTRA

Avatamsaka Sutra == 华严经

One of the great sutras in Buddhism. It was sermoned in heaven by Buddha Shakyamuni soon after his attainment of Buddhahood. The sutra reveals different causes and ways of cultivation of many great Bodhisattvas, such as Ten Grades of Faith, Ten Stages of Wisdom, Ten Activities, Ten Transference of Merits, Ten Stages of Bodhisattva, Absolute Universal Enlightenment, Wonderful Enlightenment, etc. It also reveals how to enter Avatamsaka World (Buddha's world) from Saha World (our world).

BHAISAJYAGURU

Bhaisajyaguru == 药师佛

Sanskrit word, the Buddha of Medicine, who quells all diseases and lengthens life. His is the Buddha in the Pure Land of the Paradise of the East.

BHIKSU

Bhiksu == 比丘

A monk, who has left home, been fully ordained, and depends on alms for a living.

BHIKSUNI

Bhiksuni == 比丘尼

A nun, see also Bhiksu.

BODHISATTVA

Bodhisattva == 菩萨

A Future Buddha who is a being destined to Buddhahood. Bodhi means Enlightenment and Sattva means Sentient and Conscious. Therefore Bodhisattva refers to the sentient being of or for the great wisdom and enlightenment. Bodhisattva's vow/aim is the pursuit of Buddhahood and the salvation of others and of all. He seeks enlightenment to enlighten others. He will sacrifice himself to save the others. He is devoid of egoism and devoted to help the others. The way and discipline of Bodhisattva is to benefit the self and the others, leading to Buddhahood.

BRAHMIN

Brahmin == 婆罗门

The highest of the four Indian Castes at the time of Shakyamuni. They served Brahma, his offering, the keepers of the Vedas, i.e. priestly.

BUDDHA

Buddha == 佛

Means "the Enlightened One" or "the Awakened One".

BURNING LAMP BUDDHA

Burning Lamp Buddha == 燃灯佛

He was the Buddha that bestowed a prediction of Buddhahood on Shakyamuni Buddha. He was the one who gave Shakyamuni a name, saying "In the future, you will become a Buddha named Shakyamuni."

CHAN

Chan == 禅

Also called Zen; see Contemplation and Meditation.

CHARITY

Charity == 布施

Or almsgiving, the first Paramita. There are three kinds of charity in terms of goods, doctrines (Dharma) and courage (fearlessness). Out of the three, the merits and virtues of doctrines charity is the most surpassing. Charity done for no reward here and hereafter is called pure or unsullied, while the sullied charity is done for the purpose of personal benefits. In Buddhism, the merits and virtues of pure charity is the best.

CONDITION

Condition == 缘

There is no existing phenomena that is not the effect of dependent origination. All phenomena arise dependent upon a number of casual factors called conditions.

CONTEMPLATION

Contemplation == 观想

Abstract contemplation. There are four levels through which the mind frees itself from all subjects and objective hindrances and reaches a state of absolute indifference and annihilation of thought, perception, and will. See also Meditation.

DIVINE EYE

Divine Eye == 天眼

One of the Six Psychic Power and one of the Five Eyes. Unlimited vision, large and small, distant and near, the destiny of all beings in future rebirth. It may be obtained by human eyes through the practice of meditation/Samadhi.

DEVOTION

Devotion == 精进

See Vigor.

DHAMMAPADA

Dhammapada == 法句经

It is a compilation of 423 short verses of the Buddha, teachings given at various times and places. It is regarded as the "original" teaching of the Buddha, which can be used for reference, moral instruction and inspiration.

DHARMA

Dharma == 法

Sanskrit word, means law, truth, anything Buddhist. It is used in the sense of all things, visible or invisible.

DHARMA-WHEEL

Dharma-wheel == 法轮

See Wheel of Law.

DVADASHAMUKHA SHASTRA

Dvadashamukha Shastra == 十二门论

One of the Three Shastra of Madhyamika School, composed by Nagarjuna, translated by Kumarajiva A.D. 408. There are several works on it.

EFFORT

Effort == 精进

See Vigor.

EIGHT DIVISIONS OF GODS AND DRAGONS

Eight Divisions of Gods and Dragons == 天龙八部

Devas (gods), Nagas (Dragons) and others of eight divisions (classes): deva, nagas, yakas, ganharvas, asuras, gaudas, kinaras, mahoragas.

EIGHT NEGATIONS

Eight Negations == 八不

The eight negations of Nagarjuna, founder of Madhyamika, are actually four pairs of neither birth nor death, neither end nor permanence, neither identity nor difference, neither coming nor going. This is one of the important concepts of the Middle Way, the ultimate truth of Buddhism and the reality character of all Dharma.

EIGHT SUFFERINGS

Eight Sufferings == 八苦

(1) Suffering of Birth

(2) Suffering of Old Age

(3) Suffering of Sickness

(4) Suffering of Death

(5) Suffering of being apart from the loved ones

(6) Suffering being together with the despised ones

(7) Suffering of not getting what one wants

(8) Suffering of the flourishing of the Five Skandhas

EIGHT WINDS

Eight Winds == 八风

Or the Winds of Eight Directions. Most people are usually moved by the winds of the eight directions:

(1) Praise

(2) Ridicule

(3) Suffering

(4) Happiness

(5) Benefit

(6) Destruction

(7) Gain

(8) Loss

EIGHTEEN DIFFERENT CHARACTERS

Eighteen Different Characters == 十八不共法

There are eighteen different characters of a Buddha as compared with all other beings in the Nine Realms.

1.His perfection of body (or person)

2.His perfection of mouth (or speech)

3.His perfection of memory

4.His perfection of impartiality to all

5.Serenity

6.Self-sacrifice

7.Unceasing desire to save

8.Unflagging zeal therein to save

9.Unfailing thought thereto to save

10.Unceasing wisdom to save

11.Powers of deliverance

12.The principle of the powers of deliverance

13.Revealing perfect wisdom in deed

14.Revealing perfect wisdom in word

15.Revealing perfect wisdom in thought

16.Perfect knowledge of the past

17.Perfect knowledge of the future

18.Perfect knowledge of the present

EIGHTEEN FIELDS

Eighteen Fields == 十八界

The Six Consciousness and the Twelve Bases are together called the Eighteen Fields.

EIGHTFOLD PATH

Eightfold Path == 八正道

The eight right ways for the Arhat leading to Nirvana. The eight are:

(1) Right View

(2) Right Thought

(3) Right Speech

(4) Right Action

(5) Right Livelihood

(6) Right Effort

(7) Right Remembrance

(8) Right Concentration

EMPTINESS

Emptiness == 空

The Sanskrit word is Sunya. One of the key concepts in Buddhism. Emptiness is an abstract idea representing impermanence, unreality, instability, transience and relativity in the nature of all existence. The doctrine states that all phenomena and the ego have no reality, but are composed of a certain number of Skandhas or elements, which disintegrate. The doctrine also states that everything is unstable, possessing no self-essence or self-nature, i.e., its own existence dependent or caused by the conditions of others' existence.

Emptiness is not nothing, but it is the condition of existence of everything. It permeates all phenomena making possible their evolution.

ENDURANCE

Endurance == 忍辱

See Patience.

ENERGY

Energy == 精进

See Vigor.

ENLIGHTENMENT

Enlightenment == 觉悟

"Enlightenment" sometimes refers to the attainment of Buddhahood, as the "Enlightened One" means Buddha. If one is enlightened, one has a complete and perfect understanding of the reality character of everything.

EXTINCTION

Extinction == 灭度

It means having put the Two Obstacles, i.e. the obstacle of afflictions and the obstacle of what is known, to an end. It also means that the beings have transcended the Two Deaths, i.e. glare-sectioned birth and death and changed birth and death.

FIVE BASIC AFFLICATIONS

Five Basic Afflications == 五根本烦恼

The five fundamental conditions of the passions and delusions:

1.wrong view, which are common to the Trailokya

2.clinging or attachment in the Desire Realm

3.clinging or attachment in the Form Realm

4.clinging or attachment in the Formless Realm

5.the state of unenlightenment or ignorance in Trailokya, which is the root-cause of all distressful delusion.

FIVE BHIKSHUS

Five Bhikshus == 五比丘

The first five of Buddha's converts: Ajnata-Kaundinya, Asvajit, Bhadrika, Dasabala-Kasyapa, and Mahanama-Kulika. They were the first five disciples that Shakyamuni preached when he became Buddha.

FIVE CATEGORIES OF UNTRANSLATED TERMS

Five Categories of Untranslated Terms == 五不翻

Chinese T"ang Dynasty Master of the Tripitaka Hsuan-Tsang established five categories of words which should be left untranslated

1.the esoteric

2.words having multiple meanings

3.words for things not existing in China

4.words not translated in accord with already established precedent

5.words left untranslated in order to give rise to wholesomeness and respect

FIVE EYES

Five Eyes == 五眼（肉眼、天眼、法眼、慧眼、佛眼）

There are five classes of eyes:

1. human eye

2. devine eye

3. dharma eye

4. wisdom eye

5. Buddha eye

FIVE FORMS OF DECAYING

Five Forms of Decaying == 五衰

When the devas are dying, there are five symptoms:

1. the flowers around the crown

2. the clothes being dirty

3. having unpleasant smell in the body

4. sweating in armpit

5. Being unhappy in seat

FIVE MESSENGERS

Five Messengers == 五使者

They are five messengers of Manjusri:

1. Kesini

2. Upakesini

3. Citra

4. Vasumati

5. Akarsani

FIVE OFFENCES

Five Offences == 五逆罪（杀父、杀母、杀阿罗汉、出佛身血、破和合僧）

The five rebellious acts or deadly sins:

(1) parricide

(2) matricide

(3) killing an arhat

(4) shedding the blood of a Buddha

(5) destroying the harmony of the sangha, or fraternity.

FIVE PRECEPTS

Five Precepts == 五戒（不杀、不盗、不邪淫、不妄语、不饮酒）

or Five Commandments for layman

(1) No killing

(2) No stealing

(3) No sexual misconduct/adultery

(4) No lying

(5) No intoxicant

It is essential for the rebirth in human realms.

FIVE SKANDHAS

Five Skandhas == 五蕴

or Five Aggregates, that is, the five components of an intelligent beings, or psychological analysis of the mind:

1.Matter or Form (rupa) - the physical form responded to the five organs of senses, i.e., eye, ear, nose, tongue and body

2.Sensation or Feeling (vedana) - the feeling in reception of physical things by the senses through the mind

3.Recognition or Conception (sanjna) - the functioning of mind in distinguishing and formulating the concept

4.Volition or Mental Formation (samskara) - habitual action, i.e., a conditioned response to the object of experience, whether it is good or evil, you like or dislike

5.Consciousness (vijnana) - the mental faculty in regard to perception, cognition and experience

FIVE VEHICLES

Five Vehicles == 五乘（人、天、声闻、缘觉、菩萨）

The Five Vehicles conveying the karma-reward which differs according to the vehicle:

1.Human Vehicle - rebirth among human conveyed by observing the Five Commandments (Five Precepts)

2.Deva Vehicle - among the devas by the Ten Forms of Good Actions (Ten Wholesomeness)

3."Sound-Hearing" Arhat - among the sravakas by the Four Noble Truths

4."Enlightened by Conditions" Arhat - among the pratyeka-buddhas by the Twelve Nidanas

5.Bodhisattva - among the Bodhisattvas by the Six Paramita

FIVE WISDOMS

Five Wisdoms == 五智

1.Wisdom of the Embodied Nature of Dharma Realm法界体性智

- derived from amala-vijanana, i.e. pure consciousness (or mind).

2.Wisdom of the Great Round Mirror大圆镜智

- derived from alaya-vijanana, (8th consciousness) reflecting all things.

3.Wisdom in regard to all things equally and universally平等性智

- derived from manovijanana (7th consciousness).

4.Wisdom of profound insight, or discrimination, for exposition and doubt - destruction妙观察智

- derived from the mind consciousness (6th consciousness).

5.Wisdom of perfecting the double work of self welfare and the welfare of others成所作智

- derived from the five senses (1st to 5th consciousness).

FLOWER ADORNMENT SUTRA

Flower Adornment Sutra == 华严经

One of the most important sutra in Buddhism, particularly Mahayana Buddhism. There are many volumes in the Sutra. It describes the entire Buddha Realm which is, of course, not easy to visualize.

FOREMOST PARAMITA

Foremost Paramita == 第一波罗蜜

It refers to the perfect principle of Middle Way. It is neither birth nor death, without dwelling in Nirvana. It is the substance of everything beyond words and conceptual thinking.

FOUR ASPECTS (OF BUDDHIST DHARMA)

Four Aspects (of Buddhist Dharma) == 四法

(1) the teaching

(2) the principle

(3) the practice

(4) the fruit/reward/result

FOUR FEARLESSNESS

Four Fearlessness == 四无所畏（佛四无所畏，菩萨四无所畏）

There are four kinds of fearlessness, of which there are two groups:

A.Buddha's fearlessness arises from（佛四无所畏）

1. his omniscience正等觉无所畏

2. perfection of character漏永尽无所畏

3. overcoming opposition说障法无所畏

4.ending of suffering说出道无所畏

B.Bodhisattva's fearlessness arises from（菩萨四无所畏）

1. powers of memory能持无所畏

2. power of moral diagnosis and application of the remedy知根无所畏

3. power of ratiocination决疑无所畏

4.power of solving doubts答报无所畏

FOUR FRUITION

Four Fruition == 四果

also known as Four Phala. These are four grades of arhatship, namely

1.Srota-apanna: has entered the stream of holy living; the first stage of the arhat, that of a Sravaka

2.Sakradagamin: comes to be born once more; the second grade of arhatship involving only one birth

3.Anagamin: will not be reborn in this world (i.e. Six Paths), but in the Form Realm or Formless Realm, where he will attain to Nirvana

4.Arhan: enters Nirvana. All Karma of reincarnation is destroyed. He also reaches a state of no longer learning. He is the highest Saint in Hinayana in contrast with the Bodhisattva as the Saint in Mahayana

FOUR GREAT BODHISATTVA

Four Great Bodhisattva == 四大菩萨

They represent the four major characters of Bodhisattva:

1.Manjusri - Universal Great Wisdom Bodhisattva

2.Samantabhadra - Universal Worthy Great Conduct Bodhisattva

3.Ksitigarbha - Earth Treasury King Great Vow Bodhisattva

4.Avalokitesvara - Guan Shr Yin Great Compassion Bodhisattva

FOUR GREAT ELEMENTS

Four Great Elements == 四大

All matters are formed and are composed by four conditioned causes :

(1) earth, which is characterized by solidity and durability

(2) water, which is characterized by liquid/fluid and moisture

(3) fire, which is characterized by energy and warmth

(4) wind, which is characterized by gas/air movement

FOUR GREAT VOWS

Four Great Vows == 四弘誓愿

1.Vow to take across the numberless living beings.

2.Vow to cut off the endless afflictions.

3.Vow to study the countless Dharma doors.

4.Vow to realize the supreme Buddha Way.

FOUR HOLY REALMS

Four Holy Realms == 四圣道

They are Sravaka, Praetyka-Buddha, Bodhisattva, and Buddha.

FOUR IMMEASURABLE MINDS

Four Immeasurable Minds == 四无量

see Four Unlimited Minds.

FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS

Four Noble Truths == 四圣谛

It is the primary and fundamental doctrines of Shakyamuni

1.Doctrine of Suffering - suffering is a necessary attribute of sentient existence (Effect of Suffering)

2.Doctrine of Accumulation - accumulation of suffering is caused by passions (Cause of Suffering)

3.Doctrine of Extinction - extinction of passion (Effect of Happiness)

4.Doctrine of Path - Path leading to the extinction of passion (Cause of Happiness); i.e. Eightfold Path.

The first two are considered to be related to this life, and the last two to the life outside and beyond this world.

The Four Noble Truths were first preached to Shakyamuni's five former ascetic companions.

FOUR PHALA

Four Phala == 四果

see Four Fruition.

FOUR RELIANCE (TO LEARNING BUDDHIST DHARMA)

Four Reliance (to learning Buddhist Dharma) == 四依

The four standards of Right Dharma which buddhist should rely on or abide by:

1.to abide by the Dharma, not the person

2.to abide by the sutras of ultimate truth, not the sutras of incomplete truth

3.to abide by the meaning, not the word

4.to abide by the wisdom, not the consciousness

FOUR SEALS

Four Seals == 四法印

They are:

1.All phenomena are impermanent.

2.All Dharma are not-self.

3.The eternity is Nirvana.

4.All sensations are suffering.

FOUR UNLIMITED MIND

Four Unlimited Mind == 四无量心

The mind of Bodhisattva:

1. Kindness

2. Compassion

3. Delight

4. Renunciation

FOUR WAYS (OF LEARNING BUDDHIST DHARMA)

Four Ways (of learning Buddhist Dharma) == 四法

(1) Belief/faith

(2) Interpretation/discernment

(3) Practice/performance

(4) Verification/assurance

These are the cyclic process in learning a truth.

FOURFOLD ASSEMBLY

Fourfold Assembly == 四众

Or the Four Varga (groups) are bhiksu, bhiksuni, upasaka and upasika, i.e. monks, nuns, male and female devotees.

GIVING

Giving == 布施

see charity.

HEAVENLY EYE

Heavenly Eye == 天眼

see Devine Eye.

HINAYANA

Hinayana == 小乘

also called Small Vehicle or Liberated Vehicle, which refers to Sravaka and Praetyka-Buddha. It is a school of Buddhism, popular in Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, hence also known as Southern Buddhism, in contrast with Northern Buddhism or Mahayana, the form mainly prevalent from Nepal to Japan.

Hinayana is sometimes described as self-benefiting, and Mahayana as self-benefiting for the benefit of others. Another difference is that Pali is the general literary language in Hinayana while Sanskrit of Mahayana.

Hinayana is nearer to the original teaching of the Buddha. For further details, please refer to Section 3-A A Glimpse in the Scope of Buddhism in Vol. 1 No. 4 of Buddhist Door.

HSU YUN

Hsu Yun == 虚云

a great Ch'an master in China. He died in 1959 at the age of 120.

HUA TOU

Hua Tou == 话头

Intense concentration on a question-word which defies any answer and allows no answer at all. Literally, it refers to the source of word before it is uttered. It is a method used in Ch'an Sect to arouse the doubt. The practitioner meditates on questions as who is reciting the Buddha's name?. He does not rely on experience or reasoning. Sometimes, it is also known as Kung-an.

HUI NENG

Hui Neng == 惠能

The Sixth Patriarch of Zen (Ch'an) Sect in China.

IGNORANCE

Ignorance == 无明

Sanskrit word is Avidya. Literally, it means darkness without illumination. Actually it refers to illusion without englightenment, i.e., the illusory phenomena for realities. Avidya is the first or the last of the Twelve Nidanas. Ignorance, karma and desire are the three forces that cause reincarnation.

JATAKA

Jataka == 本生经

the sutra to narrate the birth stories of Shakyamuni in present life, past lives, and effects related to the past lives and the present lives.

KARMA

Karma == 业

Sanskrit word meaning action, deed, moral duty, effect. Karma is moral action which causes future retribution, and either good or evil transmigration. It is also moral kernal in each being which survive death for further rebirth.

KSATRIYA

Ksatriya == 刹帝利

the second of the four Indian Castes at the time of Shakyamuni, they were the royal caste, the noble landlord, the warriors and the ruling castes.

KUSHALA

Kushala == 善业

Sanskrit word. It means good Karma.

LAW

Law == 理

Ruling principle, universal basis, essential element, i.e. fundamental law.

LAW OF DEPENDENT ORIGINATION

Law of Dependent Origination == 缘起法

It states that all phenomenon arise depending upon a number of casual factors. In other word, it exists in condition that the other exist; it has in condition that others have; it extinguishes in condition that others extinguish; it has not in condition that others have not. For existence, there are twelve links in the chain:

Ignorance is the condition for karmic activity; karmic activity is the condition for consciousness; consciousness is the condition for the name and form; name and form is the condition for the six sense organs; six sense organs are the condition for contact; contact is the condition for feeling; feeling is the condition for emotional love/craving; emotional love/craving is the condition for grasping; grasping is the condition for existing; existing is the condition for birth; birth is the condition for old age and death; old age and death is the condition for ignorance; and so on.

LOTUS SUTRA

Lotus Sutra == 妙法莲华经

One of the most important sutra in Buddhism. Lotus flower is used to describe the brightness and pureness of the One Buddha Dharma.

MAHAMAYA

Mahamaya == 摩诃摩耶夫人

the mother of Shakyamuni. She was the Koliyan Princess and married to Suddhodana.

MAHA-PRAJNA-PARAMITA-SUTRA

Maha-prajna-paramita-sutra == 大般若经

the Sutra was delivered by Shakyamuni in four places at sixteen assemblies. It consists of 600 volumes as translated by Hsuan-tsang. It is the fundamental philosophical work of the Mahayana Buddhism, the formulation of wisdom, which is the sixth paramita.

MAHASATTVA

Mahasattva == 摩诃萨

These are great Bodhisattvas, who attain higher stages of fruition and enlightenment. See also Ten Stages of Bodhisattva.

MAHAYANA

Mahayana == 大乘

also called Great Vehicle or Bodhisattva Vehicle. It is a school of Buddhism prevalent in China, Korea, Japan, Mongolia, Tibet and other places in the Far East. It is also called Northern Buddhism.

Mahayana is described as seeking Buddhahood and transforming beings, thus self-benefiting for the benefits of the others.

MAITREYA

Maitreya == 弥勒菩萨

Sanskrit word, literally means friendly and benevolent. He will be the next Buddha in our world. He is now preaching in Tusita Heaven. He is usually represented as the fat laughing Buddha.

ANJUSRI BODHISATTVA

Manjusri Bodhisattva == 文殊菩萨

As one of the Four Great Bodhisattva, he is the one with the greatest wisdom. Manjusri is said to have: wonderful head, universal head, glossy head, revered head, wonderful virtue and wonderfully auspicious. Manjusri, the guardian of wisdom, is often placed on the left of Shakyamuni, while Visvabhadra, the guardian of law, is on the right. Manjusri always rides on a lion. He is also described as the ninth predecessor or Buddha-ancestor of Shakyamuni. He is the Chief of the Bodhisattva, and the chief disciple of the Buddha. He is the object for the pilgrimages visiting the Wu Tai Shan of Shansi Province in China.

MANTRA

Mantra == 咒

The Sanskrit word is Dharani, i.e. esoteric incantation. It is a treatise with mystical meaning, and is regarded as every word and deed of a Bodhisattva. It is one of the most popular method of cultivation in Buddhism, especially in Shingon or "True Word" sect.

MARK

Mark == 相

Lakana in Sanskrit word. It is a notion of form. In Diamond Sutra, it says "All with marks is empty and false. If you can see all marks as no marks then you see the Tathagata."

MATTER

Matter == 色

Or Form or Thing. The Sanskrit word is Rupa. It is defined as that which has resistence, or which changes and disappear, i.e., the phenomenal. There are inner and outer forms representing the organs and objects of sense respectively.

Rupa is one of the Six Bahya-ayatanna or Six Gunas and also one of the Five Skandhas.

MEDITATION

Meditation == 静虑

the fifth Paramita. There are numerous methods and subjects of meditation. See also Contemplation.

MIDDLE PATH

Middle Path == 中道

See Middle Way.

MIDDLE WAY

Middle Way == 中道

It denotes the mean between two extremes, particularly between realism and nihilism, eternal substantial existence and annihilation. This doctrine opposes the rigid categories of existence and non-existence in the interest of a middle way. This is the utlimate truth of Buddhism, and the reality character of all Buddha. See also Eight Negations.

MORALITY

Morality == 持戒

the second Paramita, to take precepts and to keep the moral laws.

NAGARJUNA

Nagarjuna == 龙树菩萨

a Bodhisattva in South India, born about 800 years after the Nirvana of Shakyamuni. He was the founder of Madhyamika (Middle Way) and Sunya (emptiness). He had plenty of writings in Buddhism.

NINE REALMS

Nine Realms == 九界

The nine realms of error, or subjection to passions, i.e. all the realms of the living except the tenth and highest, the Buddha-realm. The nine realms are : the hell, the hungry ghost, the animal, the man, the Asura, the gods, the Arhat (sound hearer), the Arhat (enlightened to condition), and the Bodhisattra.

NINE STAGES OF LOTUS FLOWERS

Nine Stages of Lotus Flowers == 九品莲花

Or Nine Grades, Classes of Lotus Flowers, i.e. upper superior, middle superior, lower superior, upper medium, middle medium, lower medium, upper inferior, middle inferior and lower inferior, which represent ninefold future life into Pure Land. The nine grades, or rewards, of the Pure Land, corresponding to the nine grades of development in the previous life, upon which depends, in the next life, one's distance from Amitabha, the consequent aeons that are required to approach Amitabha, and whether one's lotus will open early or late.

NIRVANA

Nirvana == 涅盘

Nirvana is a Sanskrit word which is originally translated as "perfect stillness". It has many other meanings, such as liberation, eternal bliss, tranquil extinction, extinction of individual existence, unconditioned, no rebirth, calm joy, etc. It is usually described as transmigration to "extinction", but the meaning given to "extinction" varies.

There are four kinds of Nirvana:

1.Nirvana of pure, clear self-nature

2.Nirvana with residue

3.Nirvana without residue

4.Nirvana of no dwelling

NIRVANA OF PURE, CLEAR SELF-NATURE

Nirvana of pure, clear self-nature == 自性涅盘

It is commonly possessed by all individual sentient beings. It is not subject to birth and death, nor increase and decrease.

NIRVANA WITH RESIDUE

Nirvana with residue == 有余涅盘

The cause, but not all the effect (Karma) of reincarnation is cut off and removal of the obstacle of affliction, but not that of what is known (Dharma), thus the body which remains is subject to birth and death. Those beings are Arhats.

NIRVANA WITHOUT RESIDUE

Nirvana without residue == 无余涅盘

Both the cause and effect of reincarnation are extinguished, both afflictions and what is known (Dharma) are extinguished. All kinds of suffering are externally in stillness. There is no further residue. Those beings are Bodhisattva.

无余涅盘

Nirvana without residue == 无余涅盘

NIRVANA OF NO DWELLING

Nirvana of no dwelling == 无住涅盘

With the aid of interactive wisdom and compassion, those who do not dwell in birth and death, nor in Nirvana, but continue to cross living beings over forever.

NO STRIFE SAMADHI

No Strife Samadhi == 无诤三昧

Strife means debating and fighting. It is a kind of Samadhi, i.e. right concentration/meditation. To cultivate and attain this Samadhi, one will not argue or angry with others as one has no differentiation between self and others.

ONE BUDDHA VEHICLE

One Buddha Vehicle == 一佛乘

Also known as Supreme Vehicle. In Buddhism, the Five Vehicles are established to facilitate us to understand the reality of Buddhahood. The teachings of One Buddha Vehicle is the ultimate, perfect and complete truth of Buddha, which is unconceivable and beyond words, as stated in the Lotus Sutra.

PARAMITA

Paramita == 波罗蜜多

It means to cross over from this shore of births and deaths to the other shore which is the Nirvana.

The Six Paramita or means of so doings are

(1) dana - charity/giving

(2) sila - moral/conduct/taking precepts

(3) ksanti - patience

(4) virya - vigor/devotion/energy

(5) dhyana - contemplation/meditation

(6) prajna - wisdom.

The Ten Paramita are the above plus

(7) upaya - use of expedient or proper means

(8) pranidhana - vow of bodhi and helpfulness

(9) bala - strength

(10) intelligence

Childers gives the list of ten as the perfect exercise of

charity/almsgiving, morality, renunciation, wisdom, energy/effort, patience, truth, resolution/determination, kindness/universal love and resignation/equanimity.

Each of the ten is divided into ordinary, superior and unlimited perfection, making up to thirty in total.

PARINIRVANA

Parinirvana == 圆寂

Not death, but perfect rest, i.e. the perfection of all virtues and the elimination of all evils.. Also a release from the suffering of transmigration and an entry to a state of fullest joy.

PATIENCE

Patience == 忍辱

endurance, the third Paramita. There are groups of two, three, four, five, six, ten and fourteen, indicating various forms of patience, equanimity, repression, forbearance, both in mundane and spiritual things. Patience refers to bearing insult and distress without resentment.

PRATYEKA-BUDDHA

Pratyeka-Buddha == 辟支佛

the second stage in Hinayana, the first or initial being that of Sravaka. He is enlightened to the conditions, i.e. the Law of Dependent Origination. He seeks enlightenment for himself and understands deeply Nidanas. He attains his enlightenment alone, independently, or a teacher, and with the object of attaining Nirvana and his own salvation rather than that of others.

PRAJNA

Prajna == 般若

There are three kinds of Prajna:

(1) Prajna of languages

(2) Prajna of contemplative illumination

(3) prajna of the characteristics of actuality

The last one is the ultimate wisdom, which is the wisdom of Buddha. Also see wisdom.

PURE LAND

Pure Land == 净土

generally refers to the Paradise of the West, presided over by Amitabha. Also known as the Land of Ultimate Bliss. Other Buddhas have their own Pure Lands. The Pure-Land Sect whose chief tenet is salvation by faith in Amitabha; it is the popular cult in China and Japan.

PURE LAND OF ULTIMATE BLISS

Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss == 极乐世界/净土

This is the Buddha Land of Amitabha Buddha. In Amitabha Sutra, there is full description about this Pure Land. This is the world of utmost joy without suffering. With the spiritual power of Amitabha Buddha, all beings in this world will understand Buddhism easily and practise diligently, and attain enlightenment eventually. Therefore by reciting Amitabha Buddha's name, Buddhist followers hope that they will be born in this Pure Land after their lives on earth. See also Nine Stages of Lotus Flowers.

RAHULA

Rahula == 罗候罗

He was one of the Ten Great Disciples of Shakyamuni. He was the first in esoteric practices and in desire for instruction in the Law. He was also the son of Shakyamuni.

RAKSA

Raksa == 罗刹

living in the Ghost Path. Like Yaksa, they are evil and violent, but inferior to Yaksa.

REALM OF FORM

Realm of Form == 色界

see Three Realms.

REALM OF FORMLESSNESS

Realm of Formlessness == 无色界

see Three Realms.

REALM OF SENSUOUS DESIRE

Realm of Sensuous Desire == 欲界

see Three Realms.

RECOGNITION

Recognition == 想

or Conception or Thinking. The Sanskirt word is Sanjna. It is the function of mind. It may lead to desire. One of the Five Skandhas.

RENUNCIATION

Renunciation == 舍

One of the Four Unlimited Mind. As one of the chief Buddhist virtues, renunciation leads to a state of "undifferent without pleasure or pain". It is also an equality in mind with no distinction of self and others.

RIGHT ACTION

Right Action == 正行

the fourth of the Eightfold Path; respect for life (do not kill), property (do not steal) and personal relationship (no sexual misconduct) so as to purify one's mind and body.

RIGHT CONCENTRATION

Right Concentration == 正定

right abstraction, the eighth of the Eightfold Path; meditation, focusing the mind without distraction, preparing the mind to attain wisdom.

RIGHT EFFORT

Right Effort == 正精进

right zeal or progress, unintermitting perseverance, suppressing the rising of evil states and stimulating good states, and to perfect those which have come to beings.

RIGHT LIVELIHOOD

Right Livelihood == 正命

the fifth of the Eightfold Path; right life, abstaining from any of the forbidden modes of living. Five kinds of livelihood are discouraged : trading in animals for slaughter, dealing in weapons, dealing in slaves, dealing in poison and dealing in intoxicants.

RIGHT REMEMBRANCE

Right Remembrance == 正念

right memory, right mindfulness; the seventh of the Eightfold Path, avoiding distracted and clouded state of mind, awareness and self-possessed.

RIGHT SPEECH

Right Speech == 正语

the third of Eightfold Path, abstaining from lying, slander/back biting, abuse/harsh words and idle talk.

RIGHT THOUGHT

Right Thought == 正思维

right thought and intent; avoiding desire and ill-will; the second of the Eightfold Path.

RIGHT UNDERSTANDING

Right Understanding == 正见

see Right View.

RIGHT VIEW

Right View == 正见

understanding the Four Noble Truths; the first of the Eightfold Path.

RUPA

Rupa == 色

see Matter or Five Skandhas.

SAHA LAND

Saha Land == 娑婆世界

It refers to the land on Earth. Saha interprets as bearing and enduring. Saha Land is contrary to Pure Land.

SAKRADAGAMIN

Sakradagamin == 斯陀含

see Four Fruition.

SAMADHI

Samadhi == 三摩地

Sanskrit word for meditation. See Meditation and Contemplation.

SAMANTABHADRA BODHISATTVA

Samantabhadra Bodhisattva == 普贤菩萨

Also called Visvabhadra Bodhisattva, Universally Worthy Bodhisattva. Being one of the Four Great Bodhisattvas, he is the Bodhisattva of Great Conduct, representing the Law. He has Ten Great King Vows, which are the guidelines in practising Buddhism, and cultivating the Buddhist Way.

SAMSARA

Samsara == 轮回转世

Sanskrit word meaning turning of the wheel or revolving. It refers to the transmigration in the Six Directions of Reincarnation.

SAMSKARA

Samskara == 行

see Volition or Five Skandhas.

SANJNA

Sanjna == 想

see Recognition or Five Skandhas.

SARIPUTRA

Sariputra == 舍利弗

One of the Ten Great Disciples of Shakyamuni, noted for his wisdom and learning. He was also the right-hand attendant on Shakyamuni. He figures prominently in certain sutras. He is represented as standing with Maudgalyayana by the Buddha when entering Nirvana. He is to reappear as Padmaprabha Buddha.

SATYASIDDHI SHASTRA

Satyasiddhi Shastra == 成实论

written by Harivarman and translated by Kumarajiva, on which the Satyasiddhi Sect bases its doctrine. It was a Hinayana variation of the Sunya (emptiness) doctrine. The term is defined as perfectly establishing the real meaning of the Sutras.

SENSATION

Sensation == 受

or Feeling. The Sanskrit word is Vedana. One of the Five Skandhas. See Five Skandhas.

SEVEN GEMS

Seven Gems == 七宝【金、银、琉璃、玛瑙、珍珠、玫瑰、砗磲（一种贝壳）；或金、银、琉璃、水晶、琥珀、红珍珠、玛瑙】

They are gold, silver, lapis lazuli, crystal, mother-of-pearl, red pearls and carnelian.

SHAKYAMUNI

Shakyamuni == 释迦牟尼

the founder of Buddhism. He was born as the Prince of Sakyans, and was called Siddhartha Goutama. At the age of 35, he attained the supreme Enlightenment and became the Buddha and was the called Shakyamuni. The word means "capability and kindness".

SHATIKA SHASTRA

Shatika Shastra == 百论

one of the Three Shastra of Madhyamika School, so called because of its 100 verses, each of 32 words. It was written in Sanskrit by Vasubandhu and translated by Kumarajiva, but the versions differ.

百论

SIDDHARTHA GOUTAMA

Siddhartha Goutama == 乔达摩·悉达多

the Sanskrit word of Siddhartha, the name of Shakyamuni when he was born to the Prince Suddhodana. The name means "wish fulfilled".

SINGALOVADA SUTRA

Singalovada Sutra == 善生经

a short sutra about ethics and morality.

SIX CONSCIOUSNESS

Six Consciousness == 六识

They are the perceptions and the discriminative ability of eye, ear, nose, tongue, body and mind.

SIX DIRECTIONS OF REINCARNATION

Six Directions of Reincarnation == 六道轮回

(1) Naraka, i.e. Hell（地狱）

(2) Presta, i.e. Hungry Ghost（饿鬼）

(3) Tiryagyoni, i.e. Animal（畜牲）

(4) Asura, i.e. Malevolent nature spirits（阿修罗）

(5) Manusya, i.e. Human Existence（人）

(6) Deva, i.e. Heavenly Existence（天，梵天）

SIX DUSTS

Six Dusts == 六尘

see Six Gunas.

SIX ENTRANCES

Six Entrances == 六入

see Six Places and Six Indriyas.

SIX EXTERNAL BASES

Six External Bases == 六外处

see Six Gunas.

SIX FIELDS OF SENSES

Six Fields of Senses == 六尘

see Six Gunas.

SIX FULFILMENT

Six Fulfilment == 六成就（佛经开卷的内容：如是、我闻、说法的时间、说法人、地点、听众）

the six requirements indicating that the Sutra is a true record of teachings given directly by the Buddha. They are the fulfilment of meeting the requirement

1.on belief 2.on hearing 3.on time 4.on of the host 5.on place 6.on audiences

SIX GUNAS

Six Gunas == 六尘

or Six External Bases, or Six Dusts. They are sight, sound, scent/smell, taste, tangibles/touch and dharma/idea. They are the qualities produced by the objects and organs of sense.

SIX HEAVENS OF DESIRE

Six Heavens of Desire == 六欲天

see Three Realms.

SIX INDRIYAS

Six Indriyas == 六根

or Six Internal Bases, or Six Sense-organs, or Six Places. They are eye, ear, nose, tongue, body and mind.

SIX INTERNAL BASES

Six Internal Bases == 六内处

see Six Indriyas.

SIX PARAMITA

Six Paramita == 六波罗蜜多，六度

see Paramita.

SIX PATHS

Six Paths == 六道

see Six Directions of Reincarnation.

SIX PERIODS OF DAY AND NIGHT

Six Periods of Day and Night == 六时

Six periods in a day, three for day and three for night, i.e. morning, noon, evening, night, midnight, dawn.

SIX PLACES

Six Places == 六根

Sanskrit word is Sadayatana. See Six Indriyas.

SIX PSYCHIC POWER

Six Psychic Power == 六神通（天眼通、天耳通、宿命通、他心通、神足通、漏尽通）

(1) the phychic power of the heavenly eye

(2) the psychic power of the heavenly ear

(3) phychic power with regard to post lives

(4) phychic power with regard to the minds

(5) the spiritually based psychic powers

(6) the psychic power of the extinction of outflows

SIX ROOTS

Six Roots == 六根

or Six Sense-organs, see Six Indriyas.

SIX SENSE-ORGANS

Six Sense-organs == 六根

see Six Indriyas.

SIX STATES OF EXISTENCE

Six States of Existence == 六道

see Six Directions of Reincarnation.

SIXTEEN CONTEMPLATIONS

Sixteen Contemplations == 十六观经

see Vipasyana Sukhavativyha Sutra.

SPHERE OF NEITHER-PERCEPTION-NOR-NON-PERCEPTION

Sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception == 非想非非想天

the highest heaven of the four "sphere of no-thing".

SPHERE OF NO-THING

Sphere of no-thing == 无色天

the heavens without form, immaterial, consisting only of the mind in contemplation, being four in number of which the "sphere of neither-perception-nor-nonperception" is the highest.

SPIRITUAL GHOST

Spiritual Ghost == 鬼神

living in the Ghost Path. They are kind dwelling in the nature, e.g. trees, mountain and sea protecting the creatures.

SRAVAKA

Sravaka == 声闻

the first or initial stage in Hinayana, the second being that of Praetyka-Buddha. Sravaka, a Sanskrit word, means a hearer. It generally relates to Hinayana disciple who understands the Four Noble Truth in entering Nirvana.

SROTA-APANNA

Srota-apanna == 须陀洹

see Four Fruition.

STUPA

Stupa == 塔

It refers to a place where the Buddha's true body resides.

SUDDEN ENLIGHTENMENT

Sudden Enlightenment == 顿悟

Enlightened all of a sudden by hearing or studying Dharma, usually for those who practices Ch'an.

SUDDHODANA

Suddhodana == 净饭王

Pure Rice Prince, the father of Shakyamuni, ruled over the Sakyans at Kapilaratthu on the Nepalese border.

SUDRA

Sudra == 首陀罗

the lowest of the four Indian Castes at the time of Shakyamuni. They were peasants, slaves and serfs.

SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA

Sukhavativyuha Sutra == 无量寿经

It is one of the main Sutras for Pure Land Sect. It stipulates the Forty-eight Vows of Amitabha Buddha, which give rise to the characteristic of the Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss in the West.

SUMERU

Sumeru == 须弥山

Sanskrit words. It means wonderful high mountain. It is composed of gold. silver, lapis lazuli and crystal, therefore it is so wonderful. It is eighty four thousand Yugamdhara high and eighty found thousand Yugamdhara wide, which is the greatest mountain amongst all.

SUTRA

Sutra == 经

It is a "path" necessarily passed through in the cultivation of the Way.

TAKING PRECEPTS

Taking Precepts == 持戒

see Morality.

TEN DHARMA REALMS

Ten Dharma Realms == 十法界

also known as ten states of existence, which are

1.Hell

2.Ghost

3.Animal

4.Asura

5.Man

6.Deva

7.Sravaka (Sound-Hearer Arhat)

8.Praetyka-Buddha

9.Bodhisattva

10.Buddha

Each Dharma realm has its own characteristics, and its existence is attributed to the retribution of the beings. The lowest six realms (1-6) are known as the Six Paths or Six Realms. These six states of existence are subjected to birth and death, and then rebirth for many lives. The upper four realms are known as the Four Holy Realms. These four states of existence are beyond birth and death and liberated from the Samsara

TEN DIRECTIONS

Ten Directions == 十方

the ten directions of space, i.e. the eight points of the compass and the nadir and zenith. There is a Buddha in each direction.

TEN GOOD DEEDS

Ten Good Deeds == 十善

The Ten Forms of Good Actions for layman, or Ten Wholesomeness.

1.No killing

2.No stealing

3.No adultery

4.No lying

5.No slandering

6.No harsh speech

7.No idle talks

8.No greed

9.No hatred

10.No illusion

It is essential for the rebirth in Deva realm.

TEN GREAT DISCIPLES OF SKAKYAMUNI BUDDHA

Ten Great Disciples of Skakyamuni Buddha == 十大弟子

They are:

1.Mahakasyapa摩诃伽叶

first in ascetism.

2.Ananda阿难陀

first in having heard the words of Buddha.

3.Sariputra舍利弗

first in wisdom.

4.Subhuti须菩提

first in expressing emptiness.

5.Purna富楼那

first in explaining good law.

6.Maudgalyayana目犍连

first in supernatural power.

7.Katyayana迦旃延

first in preaching.

8.Aniruddha阿那律

first in the sharpness of his divine eyes.

9.Upali优波离

first in taking precepts.

10.Rahula罗睺罗

first in esoteric practices and in desire for instruction in the law.

TEN GREAT KING VOWS

Ten Great King Vows == 十大愿王

The vows of Visvabhadra Bodhisattva:（普贤菩萨）

1.To worship and respect all Buddhas.

2.To praise the Thus Come One.

3.To practise offerings.

4.To repent all karmic hindrance.

5.To rejoice and follow merits and virtue.

6.To request that the Dharma wheel be turned.

7.To request that the Buddha remain in the world.

8.To follow the Buddha's teachings.

9.To live in accord with all living beings.

10.To spread all merits and virtue.

TEN MERITORIOUS DEEDS

Ten Meritorious Deeds == 十善业

The Ten Meritorious Deeds allow people to gain a happy and peaceful life as well as to develop knowledge and understanding. They are:

1.Charity

2.Morality / Taking Precepts

3.Mental cultivation / Meditation

4.Reverence or respect

5.Services in helping others

6.Transference of merits

7.Rejoicing in the merits of others

8.Preaching and teaching Dharma

9.Listening the Dharma

10.Straightening one's own views

TEN PARAMITA

Ten Paramita == 十波罗蜜

see Paramita.

TEN POWERS

Ten Powers == 十力

The Ten Powers of Buddha or Bodhisattva are the complete knowledge of

1.what is right or wrong in every condition

2.what is the karma of every being, past, present and future

3.all stages of dhyana liberation and samadhi

4.the powers and faculties of all beings

5.the desires or moral directions of every being

6.the actual condition of every individual

7.the direction and consequence of all laws

8.all causes of mortality and of good and evil in their reality

9.the end of all beings and Nirvana

10.the destruction of all illusion of every kind

TEN STAGES OF BODHISATTVA

Ten Stages of Bodhisattva == 十地菩萨

These are the ten stages of development of Bodhisattva depending on their merits and virtues:

1.Pramudita (joy) - job at having overcome the difficulties and sufferings, now entering on the path to Buddhahood

2.Vimala (purity) - freedom from all possible defilement

3.Prabhakari (enlightenment) - stage of further enlightenment

4.Arcismati (widsom) - stage of glowing wisdom

5.Sudurjaya (no difficulty) - stage of mastering the utmost difficulties

6.Abhimukhi (open way) - the open way of wisdom above definitions of impurity and purity

7.Duramgama (proceeding afar) - getting above ideas of self in order to save others

8.Acala (unperturbed) - attainment of being unperturbed

9.Sadhumati (discriminatory wisdom) - the finest discriminatory wisdom, knowing where and how to save, and possessing the Ten Powers

10.Dharma megha (law cloud) - attainment of the fertilizing powers of law cloud

TEN TITLES OF BUDDHA

Ten Titles of Buddha == 十佛名号

represent the characteristics of Buddha

1.Tathagata - the Thus Come Ones

2.Arhat - worthy of offerings

3.Samyak-sambuddha - of proper and universal knowledge

4.Vidyacarna-sampauna - perfect in understanding and conduct

5.Sugata - skilful in leaving the world through liberation

6.Lokavid - perfect and complete understanding of all worldly Dharma

7.Anuttara - unsurpassed knights

8.Purusa-damya-sarathi - taming heroes

9.Sasta deramanusyanam - teachers of gods and people

10.Buddha-lokanatha or Bhagaran - Buddha, the World Honored Ones

TEN VEHICLES OF MEDITATION

Ten Vehicles of Meditation == 十乘观

Vehicles is the means to take living beings across from suffering to Nirvana. Though there are ten vehicles, there is only one teaching (Dharma), i.e., Inconceivable Virtues of the Self-mind, and the other nine are supplementary. According to Tien Tai Sect, the ten vehicles are:

1.Meditation of Inconceivable Virtue of the Self-mind * - * highest order for superior roots

2.Meditation of Real Bodhicitta

3.Meditation of Expedient Dwelling of Mind

4.Meditation of Breaking Universal Dharma

5.Meditation of Penetrating through Obstructed Consciousness

6.Meditation of Commissioning all Chapters of Paths

7.Meditation of Confronting Delusion and Advocating Enlightenment

8.Meditation of Understanding the Stages of Fruition

9.Meditation of Calmness and Endurance

10.Meditation of Non-attachment of Dharma

TEN WHOLESOMENESS

Ten Wholesomeness == 十善

see Ten Good Deeds.

THIRTY-TWO FORMS

Thirty-two Forms == 三十二相

These are the physical marks of a Buddha

1.Level feet

2.thousand-spoke wheel-sign on feet

3.long slender fingers

4.pliant hands and feet

5.toes and fingers finely webbed

6.full-sized heels

7.arched insteps

8.thigh like a royal stag

9.hands reaching below the knees

10.well-retracted male organ

11.height and stretch of arms equal

12.every hair-root dark coloured

13.body hair graceful and curly

14.golden-hued body

15.a ten-foot halo around him

16.soft smooth skin

17.two soles, two palms, two shoulders and crown well rounded

18.below the armpits well-filled

19.lion-shaped body

20.erect

21.full shoulders

22.forty teeth

23.teeth white even and close

24.the four canine teeth pure white

25.lion-jawed

26.salvia improving the taste of all food

27.tongue long and broad

28.voice deep and resonant

29.eye deep blue

30.eye lashes like a royal bull

31.a white urna or curl between the eyebrows emitting light

32.an usnisa or fleshy protuberance on the crown.

THREE CLASSIFICATIONS

Three Classifications == 三科

Buddha shows that a person is nothing more than a combination of various elements which come together under suitable conditions. They are

1.the Five Skandhas五蕴

2.the Twelve Bases十二处

3.the Eighteen Fields十八界

THREE DELUSIONS

Three Delusions == 三惑

In Tien Tai, three doubts in the mind of Bodhisattva, producing three delusions, i.e.,

1.through things seen and thought 2.through the immense variety of duties in saving humans 3.through ignorance

THREE DOGMAS

Three Dogmas == 三谛

They are the Dogma of Void, Unreal and Mean. See also Three Meditations of One Mind.

THREE ENLIGHTENMENTS

Three Enlightenments == 三觉

the three kinds of Enlightenment:

1.Enlightenment for self

2.Enlightenment for others

3.Perfect enlightenment and accomplishment

The first is Arhat. The second is Bodhisattva. When all the three have been attained, the being becomes a Buddha.

THREE EVIL PATHS

Three Evil Paths == 三恶道

They are the three lowest realms of the Nine Realms: hell, hungry ghost and animal.（地狱，饿鬼，畜牲）

THREE GOOD PATHS

Three Good Paths == 三善道

They are Man, Asura and Deva Paths.（人，阿修罗，天道）

THREE JEWELS

Three Jewels == 三宝

Or the Three Precious Ones, i.e. the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha.

THREE MEDITATIONS OF ONE MIND

Three Meditations of One Mind == 一心三观

Also known as Three Inconceivable Meditations, which is one of the practices in Tien Tai Sect in China. According to Tien Tai, all existence in the universe consists of Three Dogmas (Truths), namely, Void, Unreal and Mean. These three Dogmas are co-existent and interactive, integrated and interrelated. If one can meditate this concept with the whole mind, it is call Three Meditations of One mind, or Inconceivable Profound Meditation.

THREE OBSTACLES

Three Obstacles == 三障

1.the karmic obstacle

2.the affliction obstacle

3.the retribution obstacle

When the Three Obstacles are cleared and dissolved, the Three Virtues will be perfected.

THREE PERIODS OF TIME

Three Periods of Time == 三世

That is the past, the present and the future.

THREE POISONS

Three Poisons == 三毒（贪、嗔、痴）

or Three Roots

1.Greed or wrong desire

2.Hatred or anger

3.Illusion or stupidity or ignorance

These are the source of all the passions and delusions.

THREE REALMS

Three Realms == 三界

Sanskrit word is Trailokya. It is Buddhist metaphysical equivalence for the triple world of earth, atmosphere and heaven.

1.Realm of Sensusous Desire (Sanskrit word is Kamadhatu) of sex and food. It includes the Six Hevens of Desire, the Human World and the Hells.

2.Realm of Form (Sanskrit word is Rupaadhatu) of matter which is substantial and resistant. It includes the Heavens of Four Zen (Sanskrit word is Brahmalokas).

3.Realm of Formlessness (Sanskrit word is Arupadhatu) of pure spirit, where there are no bodies and matters to which human terms would apply, but where the mind dwells in mystic contemplation; its extent is indefinable, but it is conceived of in Four Stages/Places of Emptiness in the immaterial world.

THREE ROOTS

Three Roots == 三根

The three (evil) roots, i.e. desire, hate and stupidity. Another group is the three grades of good "roots" or abilities, i.e. superior, medium and inferior.

THREE SEALS

Three Seals == 三法印（诸行无常，诸法无我，寂静涅盘）

Also known as Three Universal Truths.

1.All phenomena are impermanent.

2.All Dharma are not-self.

3.The eternity is Nirvana.

It is called the seal because it is to certify whether it is the Buddha's teaching or not. Also see Four Seals.

THREE SHASTRA

Three Shastra == 三论

They are

1.Madhyamaka Shastra中论

2.Dvadashamukha Shastra十二门论

3.Shatika Shastra百论

All three were translated by Kumarajiva（鸠摩罗什）, on which the Three Shastra Sect（三论宗） bases its doctrines.

THREE STUDIES

Three Studies == 三学（戒、定、慧）

or Three Vehicles of Learning

1.Sila, i.e. taking Precepts

2.Dhyana, i.e. concentration and meditation

3.Prajna, i.e. wisdom

It is practiced by the Arhats.

THREE SUFFERINGS

Three Sufferings == 三苦（苦苦、乐苦、不苦不乐苦）

1.Feeling of suffering

2.Feeling of happiness - suffering of decay

3.Feeling of neither suffering nor happiness - suffering of the activity of the Five Skandhas. （五蕴）

THREE UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTICS

Three Universal Characteristics == 三法印（诸行无常，诸法无我，寂静涅盘）

The Three Universal Characteristics are connected with the existence. They are:

1.All phenomena are impermanent.

2.All Dharma are not-self.

3.All sensations are suffering.

THREE UNIVERSAL TRUTHS

Three Universal Truths == 三法印（诸行无常，诸法无我，寂静涅盘）

Also known as the Three Seals. Three Universal Truths are the basic teaching of Buddha, so that they are commonly used to attest Buddhism.

The Three Universal Truths are:

1.All phenomena are impermanent.

2.All dharmas are non-self.

3.The eternity is Nirvani and stillness.

THREE VIRTUES

Three Virtues == 三德

The three virtues of power,

1.the virtue, or potency of the Buddha's eternal, spiritual body, i.e., the Dharmakaya

2.the virtue of his Prajna, knowing all things in their reality

3.the virtue of his freedom from all attachments and his sovereign liberty

THREE WISDOM

Three Wisdom == 三智（一切智、道种智、一切种智）

There are three kinds of wisdom:

1.Sravaka and Praetyka-Buddha knowledge that all the Dharmas or laws are void and unreal

2.Bodhisattva knowledge of all things in proper discrimination

3.Buddha knowledge or perfect knowledge of all things in their every aspect and relationship past, present and future.

In Tien Tai Sect, the Three Wisdom is associated with the Three Dogmas of Void, Unreal and Mean.

THREEFOLD BODY OF A BUDDHA

Threefold Body of a Buddha == 三身（法身、报身、化身）

They are

1.Dharma body, i.e. Dharmakaya - its own essential nature, common to all Buddhas.

2.Retribution body, i.e. Sambhogakaya - a body of bliss, which he receives for his own use and enjoyment.

3.Response and transformation body, i.e. Nirmanatkaya - he can appear in any form whenever and wherever necessary for the sake of crossing over others.

TIEN TAI SECT

Tien Tai Sect == 天台宗

One of the Ten Great Sect in Chinese Buddhism. It was initiated by Hui Man in the dynasty of Bei-Chai, and was promoted by Chi-Hai in Tsui Dynasty. Mainly based on Lotus Sutra, Tien Tai Sect explains all universal phenomena with Three Dogmas. For the practices, it emphasizes cutting off Three Delusions, thus establishes the method of Three Meditations of One Mind.

天台宗

TRAILOKYA

Trailokya == 三界

see Three Realms.

TRIPITAKA

Tripitaka == 三藏（经、律、论）

It is a Sanskrit word meaning Three Treasures:

1.Sutra Pitika - the sermons attributed to the Shakyamuni Buddha.

2.Vinaya Pitika - the discipline in practice to act according to the rules and regulations.

3.Abhidharma Pitika - the philosophical work, such as discourses, discussions, or treatises on the dogma, doctrines, etc. of Buddhism.

TWELVE BASES

Twelve Bases == 十二处

The Six Internal Bases and the Six External Bases are together called the Twelve Bases. Base implies the meaning of germinating and nourishing. All mental activities are germinated and nourished from these Twelve Bases.

TWELVE LINKS OF DEPENDENT ORIGINATION

Twelve Links of Dependent Origination == 十二因缘

see the Law of Dependent Origination.

TWELVE NIDANAS

Twelve Nidanas == 十二因缘

see the Twelve Links of Dependent Origination.

TWELVE PLACES

Twelve Places == 十二处

see the Twelve Bases.

TWO DEATHS

Two Deaths == 二死

Two Deaths refer to

1.share-sectioned birth and death

2.changed birth and death

TWO FORMS OF DEATH

Two Forms of Death == 二死

1.Natural death of the life

2.Death form external cause and conditions

TWO OBSTACLES

Two Obstacles == 二障（烦恼障、所知障）

Two Obstacles refer to

1.the obstacle of afflictions

2.the obstacle of what is known

UNCONDITIONED DHARMA

Unconditioned dharma == 无为法

Also known as Asamskrta dharma, which is anything not subject to the principle of cause and effect, nor law of dependent origination, i.e. conditions. It is the dharma beyond the worldly ones.

VAISYA

Vaisya == 吠舍

the third of the four Indian Castes at the time of Shakyamuni. They were merchant, entrepreneurs, traders, farmers, manufacturers, etc., but not well-educated.

VAST AND LONG TONGUE

Vast and Long Tongue == 广长舌相

one of the thirty-two monks of Buddha, big enough to cover his face; it is also one of the "marvels" in the Lotus Sutra.

VEDANA

Vedana == 受

see Sensation or Five Skandhas.

VIGOR

Vigor == 精进

the fourth Paramita, pure and unadulterated progress, i.e. zealous and courageous progressing in the good, and eliminating the evil.

VIMALAKIRTI-NIVDESA SUTRA

Vimalakirti-Nivdesa Sutra == 维摩诘经

Vimalakirti, a Sanskrit word, means undefiled and pure reputation. Vimalakirti was said to be a native of Vaisali, and an upasaka (not a monk) to assist Shakyamuni to preach and cross over the human beings. The Sutra is the record of interesting conversation between Vimalakirti and Manjusri Bodhisattva regarding the understanding of One Buddha Vehicle.

VIPASYANA SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA

Vipasyana Sukhavativyuha Sutra == 观无量寿经

It is one of the main sutra for Pure Land Sect. The Sutra indicates that the Pure Land of Amitabha Buddha is one of the Buddha Lands. It also describes how to be born in the Pure Land through the Sixteen Contemplations. Therefore, the Sutra is also called "Sixteen Contemplations Sutra".

VISVABHADRA BODHISATTVA

Visvabhadra Bodhisattva == 普贤菩萨

As one of the Four Great Bodhisattva, he is the one with the highest conduct. Visvabhadra, also known as Samantabhadra, means universal worthy. He is the lord of the fundamental law, the dhyana ( taking precepts) and the practice of all Buddhas. Visvabhadra, the guardian of law, is often placed on the right of Shakyamuni, while Manjusri, the guardian of wisdom, is the left. He always rides on a white elephant, is the patron of the Lotus Sutra, and its devotees, and has close connection with Hua-yen Sutra. He has Ten Great King Vows, which give an excellent guideline to all Buddhists to practice and cultivate the Buddha Way.

VOLITION

Volition == 行

or mental formation, or action, or conduct, or deed, usually done through the body, mouth or mind. The Sanskrit word is Samskara.

WAY

Way == 道

Generally, it refers to the Way of Bodhi or enlightenment leading to Nirvana through spiritual stages, and even to Buddhahood through Bodhisattva's practices. Sometimes, it is also called the Path, the Road, the Truth, the Reason, the Logos, Cosmic Energy, etc., depending on different circumstances.

道

WHEEL OF LAW

Wheel of Law == 法轮

The Buddha-truth which is able to crush all evil, and which rolls on from man to man, place to place and age to age. To turn the wheel means to preach Buddha-truth.

WISDOM

Wisdom == 智慧

the highest of Paramita; the virtue of wisdom as the principal means of attaining Nirvana. It connotes a knowledge of the illusory character of everything earthly, and destroys error, ignorance, prejudice and heresy.

WORLD HONOURED ONE

World Honoured One == 世尊

One of the titles of the Buddha. In Sutras, this is the respected title of Shakyamuni Buddha. See also Ten Titles of Buddha.

YAKSA

Yaksa == 夜叉

The demons in the lower realm, like the Ghost Realm. They are evil, malignant and violent. They live on earth or in air.

YASODHARA

Yasodhara == 耶苏陀罗

the wife of Siddhartha Goutama.

ZEAL

Zeal == 精进

see Vigor.

ZEN

Zen == 禅

also called Chan; see Contemplation and Meditation.